Role of fractalkine/CX3CL1 signalling in the regenerating olfactory epithelium
نویسنده
چکیده
The olfactory epithelium (OE) is a useful model to study neurogenesis because of the sustained ability for self-repair throughout adult life. The main aim of this study was to investigate putative neuroprotective roles of fractalkine/CX3CL1 signalling in the olfactory epithelium after experimentally-induced cell death and replacement of olfactory sensory neurons. Previous studies have shown that signalling through the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, can regulate neurotoxicity of monocyte-derived cells via suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, i.e. IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. This is particularly interesting as the latter molecules contribute to a microenvironment that causes neuronal death and impaired neurogenesis. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to investigate differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in wild-type and CX3CR1-deficient mice following olfactory bulbectomy. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the influx of phagocytic macrophages into the OE and the extent of neurogenesis following injury. Increased numbers of intraepithelial macrophages were detected in the olfactory epithelium of CX3CR1-deficient mice after injury. Interestingly, expression levels of OMP (a marker for mature olfactory sensory neurons) were significantly reduced in CX3CR1-deficient mice after injury, which is indicative for increased neuronal death. The latter was confirmed by quantitative counts of OMP-positive neurons in tissue sections. The increased expression levels of both TNF-α and IL-6 that were detected in CX3CR1-deficient mice likely contributed to this aggravated neuronal death. The extent of neurogenesis was significantly decreased in the CX3CR1-deficient mice compared to the wild-type mice after bulbectomy. In summary, these results suggest that fractalkine signalling in the olfactory epithelium may have an important role in the regulation of macrophage responses to injury and maintenance of an environment that allows for functional repair. 2 ABSTRACT (IN SWEDISH) Många svåra tillstånd, bl.a. trauma mot huvudet och neurodegenerativa tillstånd (Parkinsons och Alzheimers sjukdom), kan drabba det centrala nervsystemet (CNS). Det finns idag inte tillräckligt med kunskap om varför CNS inte kan reparera sig självt efter skada. Att hitta en sådan förklaring är avgörande för utveckling av metoder för att kunna reparera skador som drabbar CNS. Luktepitelet är ett system som består av nervceller och som gör det möjligt för oss att känna lukter. Dessa nervceller är också de enda i nervsystemet som har direkt kontakt med den yttre omgivningen. Farliga substanser i luften påverkar dessa nervceller att kontinuerligt begå programmerat självmord. Otroligt nog ersätts de hela tiden av nya, vilket gör dessa celler unika i nervsystemet. Luktepitelet används därför som modell för CNS, eftersom förståelsen av varför omsättningen av nervceller i detta system är så lyckosam kan ge kunskap om vad som misslyckas i CNS. Nya studier har visat att kommunikation mellan de döende nervcellerna och immunförsvaret är enormt viktig. Bland annat har man funnit att molekylen fraktalkin sänds ut av döende nervceller och påverkar sin receptor som finns på immunceller. Vilka konsekvenser detta ger är dock ännu inte helt klart. I denna studie undersöktes rekrytering av immunceller, överlevnad och nybildning av nervceller samt uttryck av ett antal gener från de nämnda immun/nervcellerna i luktepitelet. Detta gjordes i närvaro och frånvaro av fraktalkinsignalering. För att kunna göra detta användes en genmodifierad mus som har en icke funktionell fraktalkinsignalering. Frånvaro av fractalkin hade en ökad effekt på rekrytering av immunceller till epitelet. Genuttrycksstudien visade att högre koncentration av inflammatoriska gener uttrycktes i frånvaro av fractalkinsignalering, vilket i för stor mängd kan vara skadligt för nervceller. Fler experiment visade att den genmodifierade musen hade ökat antal döende nervceller samt minskad nybildning av nervceller i epitelet. Denna studie bidrar till en bättre förståelse för vilken roll nedsatt fraktalkinsignalering kan ha för inflammationen och hur denna påverkar nervcellsdöd, vilket ofta uppvisas hos personer med neurodegenerativa tillstånd.
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